Music Production 101: The 4 Steps to Recording a Song

Build a Studio

Record Your Music

 

The world of music has changed.

Decades ago, if you were a musician, and you wanted to record an album…

You and your band played your asses off in bars and clubs every night…

And prayed that some big-shot producer in the audience who would impressed enough to give you a shot.

But not anymore.

Today, the trend in music production is shifting more and more toward home studios.

Great music is being produced all the time in 

bedrooms, garages, 

and  

basements 

by normal folks like you and me…

Often with little more than a computer, a 

USB mic, 

and some  

headphones.

Record a song, post it online, watch it go viral..and you’re famous overnight.

While it’s not that EASY, it is that SIMPLE.

But before any of that can happen, you must first know the process of how music actually is recorded.

And so in today’s post, I break it down for you in 4 steps…from 

start 

to 

finish

Let’s begin…

Step 1: The Recording Process

 

In the earliest days of the music recording…

The process was much simpler than it is today.

Entire performances were recorded in single takes, sometimes with just 1 or 2 mics.

Today though, we use a more sophisticated process known as  

multitrack recording…

Where each instrument is recorded separately and combined later in a “mix”.

This offers  

two BIG advantages:

1. It allows engineers to mold and shape the sound of each instrument independently of the others.
2. It allows each instrument in a song to be recorded one at a time.  

With this new method, it meant that one man could now do alone, what used to require an entire team of engineers and musicians.

While the actual steps in the process vary from engineer to engineer…

Here’s a general guideline of how it works:

1. Create a Track to Follow

The first step is creating some kind of  

guide 

for the other instruments to follow along with.

Most people use a simple click/metronome to set a tempo.  But since not all musicians can follow clicks, you could also use a  

pre-recorded drum loop  

instead.

And since not all songs have steady tempos, a third method is to create a 

scratch track…

Where an  

instrument or group of instruments 

are recorded as the guide, then “over-dubbed” one at a time, until the original can be deleted or “scratched“.

2. Record the Rhythm Section

As any musician knows, the 

rhythm section 

is the foundation of any song.  When bands play together, everyone follows the  

drums/bass.

It makes sense then, that these be the first instruments you normally record.

In songs that lack drums/bass, another rhythmic instrument (such as acoustic guitar), can be used instead.

3. Record the Harmonies

Once you’ve built a good foundation, next it’s time to add to it by creating a chord structure.

Depending on the song, that could mean adding 

rhythm guitar, piano, synths, horns, etc.

With a basic chord progressions now in place, next it’s time to…

4. Record the Melodies

Since most songs use a combination of instruments to form the melody…

It makes sense that whichever ones are most dominant (usually lead vocals/lead guitar) be the ones you record first.

Then afterwards, you can fill in the gaps with all the supporting melodies.

After that, all that’s left is…

5. Add Color

To put the finishing touches on your song, you add all those little nuances that add  

color 

and 

flare 

to the main tracks.

Common examples might include:

• background vocals
• percussion fills
• piano fills
• sampled sound effects

Can’t Do It All Alone?

As I’m sure you already know, one of the hardest parts about recording all this stuff is finding competent musicians to play all these different instruments.

If you ‘re lucky, you have a band…or you at least have friends willing to help out.

However, many of us DON’T.  In which case, I highly suggest checking out the website 

Fiverr, 

where you can hire session musicians to help you out for very affordable prices…

• Here is their page for finding Session Musicians/Singers.

Once that’s done, you’re ready for 

the next phase…

Step 2: The Editing Process

 

Now that you’ve finished recording your tracks, it’s time to clean them up.

Because no matter how careful you were in the last step…

There will always be SOME mistakes that can and should be fixed…

With the amazing editing tools now available in the DAW’s of today.

Typically, editing is made up of 

5 common tasks:

1. Arrangement
2. Comping
3. Noise Reduction
4. Time Editing
5. Pitch Editing

With arrangement, 

you take an overall look at everything you’ve done so far, to evaluate what works, and what doesn’t.

For example, you could:

• delete entire tracks that don’t add value
• cut out sections of  tracks that clutter the mix
• move a section to a new part of the song
• delete entire sections of the song altogether

With

 comping, 

you compare the duplicate takes of each track, and select the best one.  If you like, you can even select best phrases from each take and combine them all into one “frankenstein-take”.

With noise reduction, 

you cut all sounds before, after, and in-between each section of audio where the instrument is playing.

This means removing:

• background voices
• amp hissing
• footsteps
• chair squeaks
• breaths
• or just dead air

To reduce noise further, you can add a high-pass filter beneath the lower frequency range of non-bass instruments, to remove rumbling sounds.

With time editing,

you can fix off-beat notes, using one of two methods:

• There’s the “cut and paste” method, which works well on percussive instruments.
• There’s the “time-stretching“method, which works well on almost all instruments. 

With 

pitch editing, 

you can shift any sour note back on-pitch, using 

Auto-Tune 

or any similar software.

Normally it’s used on vocals, but it also works well on most melodic instruments.

So that about covers the 

Editing Process.

Now on to the next phase…

Step 3: The Mixing Process

 

Once the tracks are arranged exactly as you like…

The next goal is to make them blend as one cohesive unit…though the process of 

“mixing“.

While mixing is an art form in itself, and can be done in many ways…

There are certain fundamental tasks that everyone does…

Common examples include:

1. Balancing Faders 
2. which is done so that no instrument sounds too loud or soft in relation to the others.
3. Panning 
4. which gives each instrument it’s own space in the stereo-image, much like each musician has his own space on-stage.
5. Equalization 
6. which crafts a unique space in the frequency spectrum for each instrument, so that no two sounds compete for the same band of frequencies.
7. Compression
8. which levels out the dynamic range of an instrument so each note is heard clearly, and the mix sounds louder as a whole.
9. Reverb 
10. which creates 3-dimensional space for the mix, adding a sense of depth, and unifying the instruments under one room-sound.
11. Automation
12. which allows you to change settings at different points in the song, to give your mix a sense of movement.

Once you’ve used these tools to craft your mix, and it sounds great…

It’s finally time for the last step…

Step 4: The Mastering Process

 

Before your song is ready to be mastered…

All tracks must be re-recorded down to a single stereo file…

Or “bounced“, 

as it’s commonly known.

Once that’s done, various  

mastering techniques 

are used to put the finishing touches on your song…

So it sounds even better.

Common techniques include:

1. Maximizing Loudness 
2. through further compression and limiting, so the average signal level over time is as high as possible, without sacrificing too much dynamics.
3. Balancing Frequencies   
4. through further EQ, and a process known as multi-band compression, which can compress individual frequency bands separately from the rest of the spectrum.
5. Stereo Widening  
6. with a special plugin designed to add an additional sense of “width” to the higher frequencies in your mix.

Once everything sounds perfect, the track is converted to its appropriate  

sample rate/bit depth.  

For example, CD audio is 

44.1 kHz/16 Bits.

DIY or Outsource?

To put it simply, mastering is hard.  And if you don’t know what you’re doing, you can easily make things worse, rather than better.

That’s why it’s standard practice for mix engineers to outsource the work to a “mastering engineer“, rather than doing it themselves.

However…

If you want to try it anyway, here are the software tools I recommend:

• Izotope Ozone
• (Amazon/GuitarC/MusicianF/Thomann)
• IK Multimedia T-Racks
• (Amazon/GuitarC/MusicianF/Thomann)

Good mastering engineers cost money, which not everyone has, or cares to spend.

Luckily though, these days there are many online freelance engineers willing to work for not much money at all.

And as I mentioned earlier in this article, Fiverr is a great place to find them.

• Click here to see their listings 
• for all things audio…including: Editing, Mixing, AND Mastering.

Now…

Having said that, the next question is…

Is mastering always necessary?

Decades ago, when all studio recordings were intended for sale, everything was mastered.

Today however…now that many amateur recordings are done “just-because“…

Home studios will often do their own mastering, or skip it entirely.  And that’s fine.

If all you do is share your music with family and friends, then who cares?

However…

• If you want to record music professionally, or…
• If you simply want your work to sound as good as it can…

Mastering your mixes is a MUST.